It seems there is a My Oracle Support note on this very issue DBCA Does Not Display ASM Disk Groups In 11.2 (Doc ID 1177483.1)
My particular issue had to do with permissions on the oracle executable in the Grid $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory.
You need to have the setuid bit set even though both user oracle and grid have a common group membership.
Using chmod 6751 oracle will set the setuid appropriately, as indicated in the support note.
I was following a Red Hat Best Practices document, but did not find this in it, nor in the oracle documentation .